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In computing, input/output or I/O (or, informally, io or IO) is the communication between an information processing system, such as a computer, and the outside world, possibly a human or another information processing system. Inputs are the signals or data received by the system and outputs are the signals or data sent from it. The term can also be used as part of an action; to 'perform I/O' is to perform an input or output operation.

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I/O devices are the pieces of hardware used by a human (or other system) to communicate with a computer. For instance, a keyboard or computer mouse is an input device for a computer, while monitors and printers are output devices. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically perform both input and output operations.

The designation of a device as either input or output depends on perspective. Mouse and keyboards take physical movements that the human user outputs and convert them into input signals that a computer can understand; the output from these devices is the computer's input. Similarly, printers and monitors take signals that a computer outputs as input, and they convert these signals into a representation that human users can understand. From the human user's perspective, the process of reading or seeing these representations is receiving output; this type of interaction between computers and humans is studied in the field of human–computer interaction.

In computer architecture, the combination of the CPU and main memory, to which the CPU can read or write directly using individual instructions, is considered the brain of a computer. Any transfer of information to or from the CPU/memory combo, for example by reading data from a disk drive, is considered I/O.[1] The CPU and its supporting circuitry may provide memory-mapped I/O that is used in low-level computer programming, such as in the implementation of device drivers, or may provide access to I/O channels. An I/O algorithm is one designed to exploit locality and perform efficiently when exchanging data with a secondary storage device, such as a disk drive.

Interface[edit]

An I/O interface is required whenever the I/O device is driven by a processor. Typically a CPU communicates with devices via a bus. The interface must have necessary logic to interpret the device address generated by the processor. Handshaking should be implemented by the interface using appropriate commands (like BUSY, READY, and WAIT), and the processor can communicate with an I/O device through the interface. If different data formats are being exchanged, the interface must be able to convert serial data to parallel form and vice versa. Because it would be a waste for a processor to be idle while it waits for data from an input device there must be provision for generating interrupts[2] and the corresponding type numbers for further processing by the processor if required.[clarification needed]

A computer that uses memory-mapped I/O accesses hardware by reading and writing to specific memory locations, using the same assembly language instructions that computer would normally use to access memory. An alternative method is via instruction-based I/O which requires that a CPU have specialised instructions for I/O.[1] Both input and output devices have a data processing rate that can vary greatly.[2] With some devices able to exchange data at very high speeds direct access to memory (DMA) without the continuous aid of a CPU is required.[2]

Higher-level implementation[edit]

Higher-level operating system and programming facilities employ separate, more abstract I/O concepts and primitives. For example, most operating systems provide application programs with the concept of files. The C and C++ programming languages, and operating systems in the Unix family, traditionally abstract files and devices as streams, which can be read or written, or sometimes both. The C standard library provides functions for manipulating streams for input and output.

In the context of the ALGOL 68 programming language, the input and output facilities are collectively referred to as transput. The ALGOL 68 transput library recognizes the following standard files/devices: stand in, stand out, stand errors and stand back.

An alternative to special primitive functions is the I/O monad, which permits programs to just describe I/O, and the actions are carried out outside the program. This is notable because the I/O functions would introduce side-effects to any programming language, but this allows purely functional programming to be practical.

Channel I/O[edit]

Channel I/O requires the use of instructions that are specifically designed to perform I/O operations. The I/O instructions address the channel or the channel and device; the channel asynchronously accesses all other required addressing and control information. This is similar to DMA, but more flexible.

Port-mapped I/O[edit]

Port-mapped I/O also requires the use of special I/O instructions. Typically one or more ports are assigned to the device, each with a special purpose. The port numbers are in a separate address space from that used by normal instructions.

Direct memory access[edit]

Direct memory access (DMA) is a means for devices to transfer large chunks of data to and from memory independently of the CPU.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ abNull, Linda; Julia Lobur (2006). The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 185. ISBN0763737690. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  2. ^ abcAbd-El-Barr, Mostafa; Hesham El-Rewini (2005). Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Architecture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 161-162. ISBN9780471478331. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Input/output&oldid=945560516'

Input Simpoo Video Mein Download

An input device is a peripheral---a piece of computer hardware equipment---providing data and control signals to an information processing system. Input devices include scanners, digital and video cameras, keyboards, a mouse, and pointing and reading devices. Input devices serve a purpose but also come with a few disadvantages.

Joysticks


Joysticks are often used for playing computer games such as flight simulators. They can also be used to control the movement of a wheelchair or other machinery.
They input directional data like a mouse but work by switches being closed as the joystick is moved left or right and up or down.
Mini finger-controlled joysticks can be used to control a laptop cursor.

Advantages:
  • Easy to learn to use. Very simple design so they can be inexpensive.
  • Control can be a bit crude as the directions in simple joysticks are limited to forward, backwards, left and right. Better models offer diagonal movement or better.

Video digitiser


A video digitiser is used to convert sequences of analogue images into a digital format.The digitised images can then be saved as a file and played back on a monitor to produce a moving image.
Software will allow the video to be edited and special effects added, as well as individual still images to be captured and saved. Digital video cameras digitise the image inside the camera and save the video frames in a digital format. This data can then be transferred directly to the computer via a fast transfer cable and interface such as Firewire.
  • Digital video is easily edited. Sections can easily be cut and pasted together and digital effects added.
  • The output can be rendered into a wide range of formats ranging from DVD quality down to streaming video suitable for the Internet.
  • Video files take up a great deal of memory.
  • Fast video capture cards may be needed to capture high quality video footage.
  • A powerful computer and graphics card is often needed to process video footage

Remote control


These emit a beam of infra-red light which carries digital data signals. They are often used to control TV's and VCR's.
More advanced models can be programmed to transmit a series of commands with one button press.
Advantages:
  • Each function can have its own button making them very simple to use.
Disadvantages:
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  • Only advanced models can be have the buttons reprogrammed so they cannot be used to control anything other than the device they were designed for.

MIDI instruments


MIDI stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. These are normal musical instruments which have a MIDI port for input into a MIDI interface in the computer.
The notes are converted into digital data and saved as a file on the computer. This data can be converted back into notes or edited by computer software.
The software often has a wide range of special effects or stored sound data from real instruments.
Advantages:
  • Data from a musical instrument is easily captured and edited with a computer.
  • MIDI files are small.
  • MIDI files can be recorded on one type of instrument and played back on another.
Disadvantages:
  • Audio cannot be recorded directly as an audio files such as MP3.
  • The playback depends on the instrument/computer sound card so may not sound the same as the original.

Digital camera


These are used to take photographs like a normal camera but produce digital images instead of using film.
The light passing through the lens is digitised by special light sensitive sensors. The image is stored on memory chips in the camera and can then be transferred to a computer.
The resolution of such cameras is increasing rapidly and professional models have become standard in photo-journalism. Images are usually compressed as jpeg's to save memory.
Advanced models have removable memory cards to increase the camera's storage capacity. Images can be transferred to a computer by cables or memory card readers.
Advantages:
  • No film is needed and there are no film developing costs.
  • Unwanted images can be deleted straight away.
  • Images are already digital and can easily be transferred to a computer and edited or transferred over the Internet.
  • Special image editing software can allow a huge range of adjustments and special effects to be tried.
Disadvantages:
  • Images often have to be compressed to avoid using up too much expensive

Magnetic Stripe Reader


Magnetic stripes are thin strips of magnetic tape which are usually found on the back of plastic credit and debit cards.
When the card is inserted into a reader (in an Automatic Teller Machine or ATM for example

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) the tapes slides past a playback head similar to that used in a tape recorder. This reads the data from the stripe and passes it to a computer.
Advantages:
  • Simple to use and cheap to produce. The data can be altered if necessary.
Disadvantages:
  • Very limited storage capacity. Data easily destroyed by strong magnetic fields.
  • Not very secure as thieves can obtain the readers and alter the data.

Standard Keyboard (Further keyboards types)


The standard QWERTY keyboard is the commonest way to enter text and numerical data into a computer.
Each individual key is a switch, which when pressed, sends a digital code to the computer.
For example, pressing the 'A' key produces the binary code 01100001 representing the lower case letter 'a'. Holding down the shift key at the same time produces the binary code 01000001 representing the upper case letter 'A'.
Advantages:
  • Reliable for data input of text and numbers.
  • Usually supplied with a computer so no additional cost.
  • Specialised keyboards are available.

Disadvantages:
  • Users may be slow for not very accurate typists.
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  • Slow for accessing menus etc. and difficult to use if you want to move objects around the screen.
  • Difficult for people unable to use keyboards through paralysis or muscular disorder.